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conj (1)如果(in the likely event that;on condition that)(與現(xiàn)在時(shí)和完成時(shí)連用，表示很可能發(fā)生的情況)：I must leave～that's the case. 如果事情是那樣，我必須離開。 I～(it is) true，this will cause us a lot of trouble. 如果這是真的，將會(huì)給我們帶來很多麻煩。 I～it snows tomorrow，we will build a snowman. 如果明天下雪，我們就堆個(gè)雪人。 I～(it is) necessary，ring me at home. 如果有必要，給我家里打電話。He will come～(he is) asked. 如果要他來，他就會(huì)來的。You will forgive me～I(xiàn) have hurt you. 如果我傷了你的心，請(qǐng)你原諒。 I will return the book on Monday～I(xiàn) have finished it. 如果我看完了這本書，我星期一就還。

(2)假如(若)，要是(與過去的時(shí)態(tài)連用，表示虛擬的情況)(supposing)：I～I(xiàn) were you，I would go to night school. 我要是你，我就上夜校。 I～you had your choice，where would you go? 假如你可以選擇，你要去哪兒? I～I(xiàn) knew her name，I would tell you. 我要是知道她的名字，我會(huì)告訴你的。You wouldn't be anywhere at all～it weren't for her. 要不是她，你將一事無成。I～you had asked me，I would have told you the whole story. 假如你問了我，我會(huì)把全部情況告訴你的。 I～it had not been for her，I might not have understood. 要不是她，我可能還不明白是怎么一回事。I～you were speaking for him，it would carry more weight. 假如你在代表他說話，你的話會(huì)更有分量。I should be more happy to go with you～I(xiàn) should not be in the way. 要是不妨礙你的話，我很高興與你一起去。I～it hadn't been for the doctor's care，I should not be speaking to you now. 當(dāng)時(shí)要不是醫(yī)生的治療，我現(xiàn)在就不能和你講話了。

(3)請(qǐng)(與will 和would 連用，表示客氣的請(qǐng)求)：I～you will come this way，the manager will see you now. 請(qǐng)您這邊走，經(jīng)理現(xiàn)在就見您。I～you will be kind enough to fill in this form，I'll have your baggage brought in. 請(qǐng)您填好這張表，我這就叫人把您的行李送來。Pass me that box，～you would. 請(qǐng)把那個(gè)盒子遞給我。

(4)(每)當(dāng)……時(shí)(when(ever))：I always feel ill～someone is smoking near me. 一有人在我附近抽煙我就感到不舒服。I～they are tired，they have a short rest. 他們累了就休息一會(huì)兒。I～he feels any doubt，he asks. 他一有疑惑就問。I～she wanted to shop，she would go to Paris. 每當(dāng)要購(gòu)物時(shí)她就去巴黎。

(5)是否(whether)(用于ask，know，find out，wonder等動(dòng)詞之后)：I asked her～she had any rooms to let. 我問她是否有房間要出租。I wonder～I(xiàn) can get some advice from you. 不知您是否能給我出點(diǎn)主意。She didn't say～she knew him or not. 她沒有說是否認(rèn)識(shí)他。

(6)即使，就算，雖然(even if;though)：I～I(xiàn) am wrong，you are wrong，too. 就算我錯(cuò)了，你也不對(duì)。You must come in，～only for a minute. 你一定要進(jìn)來，即使一小會(huì)兒也好。It was a nice，～humid，day. 雖說濕氣有點(diǎn)兒重，可還是個(gè)好天。His style，～mannered，is pleasant to read. 他文章的風(fēng)格雖然有點(diǎn)矯揉造作，讀起來還是令人愉快的。The profits，～a little lower than last year's，are still extremely healthy. 利潤(rùn)雖然比去年低一點(diǎn)，但仍然是豐厚的。

(7)這不是，可是(用于否定句，表示驚奇、沮喪等)：Well，～it isn't our old friend Smith! 哎，這不是我們的老朋友史密斯嘛! I～he isn't the laziest guy on earth! 他可是世界上最懶的家伙了! I～this isn't the best idea I've heard so far! 這可是到目前為止我聽到的最好的主意!

if and when 如果(用來表示將來并不肯定的可能性)：I～and when we ever meet again，I hope he remembers to apologize to me. 如果我們還能重逢，我希望他別忘了向我道歉。

if anything 甚至可以說，更可能的是，相反：She was，～anything，more absent-minded than usual. 可以說，她比以往更心不在焉。Joe isn't a bad boy. I～anything，he's a pretty good one. 喬不是個(gè)壞孩子。相反，他是個(gè)很好的孩子。

if need be 如果有必要的話：He would work all day，and all night，too，～need be. 如果有必要的話，他愿意整天，甚至整夜地工作。

if only 但愿，要是……就好了(通常用過去的時(shí)態(tài)，表示愿望)：I～only they had enough sense of humour! 但愿他們有足夠的幽默感! I～only it would stop raining! 但愿雨能停下來! I～we had only known. 要是當(dāng)時(shí)我們知道就好了。

only if 只有(在句首時(shí)后面主句要倒裝)：Only ～you study hard can you pass the exams. 你只有努力學(xué)習(xí)才能通過考試。These snakes only attack～they feel threatened.只有感覺受到威脅這些蛇才會(huì)攻擊。

n 條件，不確定因素(condition;uncertainty)[C](infml)：The future is full of ～s. 未來充滿著不確定因素。There are too many～s in his offer. 在他的提議中假設(shè)條件太多了。

ifs and buts 這樣那樣的借口：I don't want any～s and buts，swallow your medicine immediately. 我不要這樣那樣的借口，趕快把藥喝下去。

【辨異】if 和whether均可用來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)間接一般疑問句，如：I'm not sure if/whether I'll have time.(我不能肯定我有時(shí)間。)當(dāng)提出兩種選擇時(shí)，whether 更常用，特別是在正式文體中，如：Let me know whether you can come or not.(請(qǐng)告知我你是否能來。)whether后面可直接跟or not，if 則不可。某些動(dòng)詞(如discuss)后面只能跟whether，不能跟if，如：We discussed whether we should close the shop.(我們討論了是否關(guān)閉這個(gè)店的問題。)whether可用在介詞后，或帶to的不定式前，if 則不能這樣用，如：I haven't settled the question of whether I'll go back home.(我還沒有決定是否要回家。)She doesn't know whether to get married now or wait.(她不知道是現(xiàn)在結(jié)婚還是再等一等。)引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)只能用whether，如：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.(他們是贏還是輸對(duì)我都一樣。)