天津的義和團運動首先是在靜海興起。清光緒二十六年 (1900)春，受山東義和團民入境影響，靜?？h各村鎮(zhèn)紛紛設(shè)壇口，18歲以上男子踴躍入團，甚至五六十歲的老人和十一二歲的少兒，也有加入者，靜海成為天津一帶最重要的義和團活動地區(qū)。
義和團又稱義和拳，以 “扶清滅洋” 為口號，廣泛聯(lián)合各種愛國力量，其中貧苦農(nóng)民占7成以上，其余為小市民、手工業(yè)者、商販、車夫、船夫、兵弁、雜役、搬運工人等，也有少量富人、文人、宗教人員、會道門人員。全縣壇口達二三百個，團民達數(shù)萬人。并興起婦女組織紅燈照，建起壇口近百個，總?cè)藬?shù)達2000人以上。
各團內(nèi)組織分工略同。總壇首領(lǐng)稱老師，均為自封，負責(zé)所轄各壇口一切軍政事務(wù)，傳授神法、鋪壇。壇口多為一村一個，也有的數(shù)小村一個，大村鎮(zhèn)有數(shù)個或十數(shù)個。各壇人數(shù)不一，少者十余，多者數(shù)百，首領(lǐng)稱大師兄、二師兄等，依次排列，均由老師指定，或自封后由老師認可。下設(shè)文書、管賬、扛旗、吹號、馬夫、總管糧草、背負神像、哨探、護壇師等，均由師兄指定。主要壇團有：
曹福田乾字團。由當兵出身的靜海人曹福田，組織靜海、青縣、慶云、鹽山的團民建成，總?cè)藬?shù)達2萬余人，曹福田自任總壇主。團民著黃裝，頭巾上標有八卦中的符號，或一“乾”字。各壇供奉的總神主為元始天尊、鴻鈞老祖、通天教主。

·義和團壇口

張德成坎字 “天下第一團” 。由直隸省新城縣白溝河鎮(zhèn) (一說張莊，又說趙張村)船夫出身的張德成所建，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)獨流、楊柳青，以及南起滄州北至天津、西起新城東到靜海的部分壇口，總?cè)藬?shù)2萬余人?？倝O(shè)在獨流鎮(zhèn)，張德成自任總壇主，委任文武先生、旗手，團民皆著紅裝。頭巾上有八卦符號，或一 “坎”字。
滕德生離字團。由山東鄭家口義和團民滕德生進入靜海所建，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)縣城東、東南、西的王口鎮(zhèn)等40余村鎮(zhèn)的壇口。總壇設(shè)在于莊子村南娘娘廟內(nèi)，總?cè)藬?shù)3000余人。滕德生自為總壇主，委派了二師兄、旗手。
楊老師離字團。總壇口設(shè)在縣城泰山娘娘廟 (俗稱奶奶廟)內(nèi)。滕、楊離字團關(guān)系密切，常共同行動。團民著紅衣、紅頭巾、紅褡膊、紅裹腿，間或有系黃、藍褡膊者。頭巾上標有八卦中的符號，或一 “離”字。各壇供奉的總神主與乾字團同。
紅燈照。由12～18歲未婚少女組成，首領(lǐng)稱“大師姐” ,其下有“二師姐” 、“三師姐”……均著紅短裝，持紅帕、紅扇，入夜提紅燈，配合義和團監(jiān)視壞人、緝查奸細、發(fā)動宣傳。
在義和團、紅燈照之外，另有： 已婚中年婦女組成的藍燈照 (一說寡婦組成) ,全身穿著藍裝； 寡婦組成的青燈照 (一說已婚中年婦女組成),全身穿著青衣； 老年婦女組成的黑燈照，全身穿著黑衣； 有乞丐和喪失勞動能力的老人組成的沙鍋照，服裝顏色無標準，為義和團募集錢、糧，用沙鍋做飯供應(yīng)團民而得名。
過去的史書沒有對這些義和團組織進行記述，新編天津《靜?？h志》和山西《晉城市志》卻彌補了這個歷史的缺載，使藍燈照、青燈照、黑燈照和沙鍋照登上了最有權(quán)威的地方志書。
The Yihetuan Movement in Tianjin sprung fromJinghai County. In the spring of 1900,some villagesand towns in Jinghai set up Tankou (branches of theboxer movement) under the influence of migrants fromShangdong Province. Men above 18 were active injoining the movement,which also attracted elder peopleaged between 50s and 60s as well as children aged 11 or12. Jinghai County became the most important area ofthe Yihetuan Movement in Tianjin.
Yihetuan (also called Yihequan) united patriotsfrom all walks of life under the slogan of "SupportQing Dynasty and Put out Foreign Invaders." Amongthe members of the movement,70 per cent were poorpeasants and the rest were townsfolk,manufacturers,peddlers,carters,boatmen,soldiers,porters,evenincluding some rich people,intellectuals and religionists.There are more than 200 Tankou established in Jinghai,including tens of thousands of participants. Moreover,some woman organizations,such as Hongdengzhao,were also set up in the county.
The organizations of each General Tankou werealmost the same. The heads of the headquarters namedthemselves as mentors,responsible for the military,political and religious affairs of each Tankou andopening new ones. A Tankou was set up in a largevillage,and several small villages share a Tankou. Alarger town might have several or dozens of Tankous.The size of Tankou ranged from 10 to 100. The headswere Brother No 1,Brother No 2,and so on,who wereappointed or recognized by the mentors. The BrotherNo 1 appointed the accountant,secretary,flagtaker,bugler,horse keeper,provision provider,joss carrier,investigator,branch keeper,etc. Each village of the largeTankou had a group under the group leader. Each grouphad several teams. Each team had 10 members under theteam leader. Small Tankou had only one group withoutfurther division. Powerful General Tankous were:
Zhang Decheng`s "Kan" General Tankou boasteditself to as "No. 1 Branch." The mentor Zhang Dechengwas a boatman,born in Zhaozhang Village of BaigouTown,Xincheng County,Zhili Province. He governedmost of the groups in Duliu and Yangliuqing and somegroups in the area separated by Cangzhou in the south,Tianjin in the north,Xincheng in the west and Jinghaiin the east. The General Tankou had 20,000 members.The headquarter was in Duliu Town. The first elderbrother in Duliu was Liu Liansheng. All members of theTankou wore red clothes,red vests,red hoods and redlegging. There was a symbol of the Eight Diagrams orthe Chinese character "Kan" on the hood.
Teng Desheng`s "Li" General Tankou was set up inJinghai County,which had 3,000 members. Teng was aboxer in Shandong Province. He led about 40 Tankousto the east and southeast of the county. The headquarterwas located in the Goddess Temple at YuzhuangziVillage. Teng was the mentor. He appointed the secondelder brother and the flag carrier.
Mentor Yang`s "Li" General Tankou washeadquartered in the Taishan Goddess Temple in JinghaiCounty. Teng`s and Yang`s "Li" Tankous were close andoften acted together. All members wore red clothes,redvests,red hoods and red legging,sometimes yellow orblue vests. There was a symbol of the Eight Diagramsor the Chinese character "Li" on the hood. Each Tankouoffered sacrifice to traditional Chinese Gods as QianGeneral Tankou.
The Hongdengzhao was composed of young girlsaged from 12 to 18. Its head was Sister No 1,then SisterNo 2,Sister No 3,etc. All its members wore red clothesand brought red hankerchieves and red fans. Theycarried red lights at night. Their duties were to supervisecivilians,to inspect spies and publicizing the movement.
Besides the Yihetuan and Hongdengzhao,there werealso some other organizations,such as the Landengzhao,which was composed by widows (or married women),aswell as Heidengzhao and Shaguozhao.
There were no historical records on these Yihetuanorganizations. But some local chorographies,such as thenewly-compiled Jinghai Annals and Jincheng Annals,reported activities of these organizations.

·外國人筆下的義和團戰(zhàn)士