prep (1) 在……旁邊(近處)(near in position; at the side of; next to)：be (stand/sit)～a window/a pillar/a fire/a person 在(站在/坐在)窗戶/柱子/爐火/一個(gè)人的旁邊;go (walk/run)～a river/a lake/the sea/the side of Anna在河邊/湖邊/海邊/安娜旁邊走(散步/跑);a road～the church/the railway/the wall 教堂/鐵路/墻旁邊的道路;
?(2) 經(jīng)，由，通過(by way of; through the route of; along)：enter (go out)～the back/front door從后/前門進(jìn)(出);travel to Rome～Milan and Florence經(jīng)由米蘭和佛羅倫薩去羅馬; come (return)～country roads/motorways/main roads/highways/the same route由鄉(xiāng)村道路/高速公路/大道/公路/同一路線來(回去);cross a river～a bridge通過橋過河;cross a street～a footbridge通過步行橋過街;go home～a shortcut抄近道回家;
?(3) (從旁)經(jīng)過(past)：go (walk/run/pass)～a person(without speaking/stopping/no-ticing him/realizing him)從一個(gè)人身旁走(走/跑/經(jīng))過(而沒說話/停步/注意到他/意識(shí)到他);
?(4) 在……以前，到……為止，不遲于(before the end of or not later than(some stated time))：He must have returned/must be hungry～now/this time.現(xiàn)在/此時(shí)他一定已經(jīng)回來了/一定餓了。He will(not)have finished/will be there～then/tomorrow/this time tomorrow/next year/the end of this month/ten o'clock/the time she arrives. (到)那時(shí)/明天/明天這會(huì)兒/明年/這個(gè)月末/10點(diǎn)/她到的時(shí)候(為止)，他將已(還未)干完/將在那里。
?(5) 在……期間(之中)((introducing the conditions of an action) during or in)(其后不接the)：work (sleep/travel)～day/night 在白天/夜里工作(睡覺/旅行);Cats hunt～night.貓晚上捕老鼠。can be seen～daylight/moonlight 在日/月光下可以看得見;Reading～bad light is not good for your eyes.在昏暗的光線下看書對(duì)眼睛不利。
?(6) 被，由(through the action or authorship of)(用于動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式后)：be struck～lighting/killed～a bullet/run over～a truck被雷電擊斃/子彈打死/卡車輾過;The house was damaged～fire.房子讓火燒毀了。The novel is (written)～Dickens.這本小說是狄更斯寫的。a book～Dickens一本狄更斯寫的書;a play～Bernard Shaw肖伯納寫的劇本;a painting～Picasso畢加索的畫作;
?(7) 通過(用，靠)(方法，手段)(through the means of (sth/doing sth))：heat (light) a room～gas/oil/electricity用煤氣/油/電給房間取暖(照明);make sth～hand/machinery用手工/機(jī)械做……; pay～cheque用支票付款;live～bread靠面包維生;contact sb～letter/telephone/telegram/radio 通過信/電話/電報(bào)/無線電聯(lián)系;send(deliver)sth～hand/messenger/post/express/cable/fax 由專人/信使/郵局/快件/海底電纜/傳真寄送(傳遞);express thoughts～action通過行動(dòng)來表達(dá)思想;settle a problem～negotiation通過談判解決問題;choose sth～one's ear and eye通過聽和看挑選東西;succeed～hard work通過努力獲得成功;
?(8) 通過做某事(with the action of (doing sth))(接ing形式)：begin/finish～saying開始/結(jié)束時(shí)說; shock sb～resigning由于辭職而使某人震驚;salute sb～raising one's hat舉帽向某人致敬; earn money(one's living)～writing通過寫作賺錢(謀生);learn music～practising通過練習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)音樂; improve wine～keeping通過儲(chǔ)存提高酒質(zhì);
?(9)由于，因?yàn)?because of; through; as a result of sth)(其后不接the)：discover sth～chance/accident/mistake/good fortune偶爾/偶爾/錯(cuò)誤地/幸運(yùn)地發(fā)現(xiàn)什么;achieve sth～skill/determination由于有技藝/決心而獲得……;
?(10) 乘，坐，由(showing the means of transport or the route taken)(其后不接the)：go (travel)～bike/car/bus/train/rail/boat/ship/plane/helicopter/metro/tube/underground 騎(乘)自行車/汽車/公共汽車/火車/火車/船/船/飛機(jī)/直升飛機(jī)/地鐵/地鐵/地鐵去(旅行); go(travel/arrive)～land/sea/air/road 由陸路/海路/空運(yùn)/旱路去(旅行/到達(dá));
?(11) 就……而言(with regard to; in respect of)(其后不接the)：be French/peasant～birth生為法國人/農(nóng)民; be Londoner～adoption收養(yǎng)后成為倫敦人;a teacher～profession職業(yè)教師;a solicitor～training專業(yè)律師;a joiner～trade細(xì)木工匠;It's a doctor， James～name.那是一個(gè)名叫詹姆斯的大夫。tolerant～temperament性情寬厚;generous～nature本性慷慨;hunt～instinct 出于天性狩獵;
?(12) 根據(jù)(according to)：judge sb/sth～appearances/one's looks/the smell根據(jù)外表/外貌/味道判斷人/事;know(see/tell) sth～sb's face/the expression/the look從臉色/表情/表情知道(看出/判斷);know (recognize) sb～his laugh/his white hair根據(jù)笑聲/白發(fā)認(rèn)出某人;get the answer～guess猜出答案;B～his theory/the look of the sky， we'll get storm.根據(jù)他的理論/天空的樣子，會(huì)有暴風(fēng)雨。What time is it～your watch? 你的表幾點(diǎn)了?
?(13) 按照(in accordance with)：play (a game)～the rules按規(guī)則玩(做游戲);～sb's leave照某人的允許;
?(14) 順序(逐漸)地(in successive units， groups or degrees of)：improve day～day/hour～hour/little～little/bit～bit一天一天/一小時(shí)一小時(shí)/一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)/一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地改善;go out (come in) one～one/two～two一個(gè)一個(gè)/倆倆地走出(進(jìn)來);step～step一步一步地; piece～piece一片一片地; house～house一家一家地;point～point一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地;line～line一行一行地;
?(15) 按(……計(jì)量)(in a way that is counted in units of)(后接the)：pay sb(engage sb/rent sth/hire sth)～the hour/the day/the week/the month按小時(shí)/天/周/月付款(雇人/出租/租用);sell sth～the dozen/the handful/the pint/the pound/the kilogram/the yard/the ton/the gallon論打/把/品脫/磅/公斤/碼/噸/加侖出售……;buy sth～the hundred/the thousand/the million (or～hundreds/thousands/millions) 成百/上千/上萬地買;
?(16) (表示面積、體積的尺寸或乘、除)(express dimensions or multiplication or division)：The carpet measures/is three yards～two (yards)(3yds×2yds). 這地毯長(zhǎng)三碼，寬兩碼。a hall 30 feet～50 feet 30英尺寬、50英尺長(zhǎng)的廳; multiply/divide 10～2 10乘/除以2;10 multiplied～2 equals/is 20. 10乘以2等于20。10 divided～2 equals/is 5. 10除以2等于5。
?(17)相差(……數(shù)目，程度)(to the extent of or with the difference of)： win (lose/miss) sth～a nose/a few feet/one goal/a hair's breadth以少許/幾英尺/一球/毫發(fā)之差取勝(輸?shù)?未打中);win a match～2 points以兩分之差贏得比賽;escape death～inches死里逃生;increase～￡2增長(zhǎng)兩英鎊;fall～one-third下降三分之一;too short (shorter)/longer/taller～2 inches短/長(zhǎng)/高兩英寸; older～half/2 years/a great deal年長(zhǎng)一半/兩歲/很多;
?(18)(表示抓、握的部位)(showing the part of the body or some object seized，held，touched，etc)： lead/take/seize/grab/catch sb～the hand領(lǐng)著/握住/抓住/抓住/抓住某人的手;grip/chain/shake/pull sb～the arm掐住/用鏈子拴住/搖/拉某人的手臂;grab/hold a knife～the handle抓/握住刀把;
?(19)以……的名義(in the name of (sb/sth))：I swear～Almighty God/everything I believe in/all that I hold dear.全能的上帝/蒼天/主啊，我發(fā)誓! B～God/heaven! 天啊!
?adv (1) 在旁邊(near in position)：live/sit/be (close/near)～住/坐/在(緊)旁邊;A crowd stood～and watched.一群人站在旁邊觀看。Nobody was～at the time.當(dāng)時(shí)旁邊沒有人。
?(2) 經(jīng)過(past (in place or time))：go/walk/run/come/drive/fly/hurry/pass～從旁邊走過/走過/跑過/走過來/駛過/飛過/匆忙而過/經(jīng)過;let sb (get)～讓某人過去;Time flies/goes～.時(shí)間飛逝。After an hour had gone～， they returned.一小時(shí)過后，他們回來了。
?(3) 放起來(aside; reserve)：lay/put/set sth～把……儲(chǔ)備起來;money put～for an emergency/for later儲(chǔ)放起來以備急用/以后用的錢;keep sth～in case...把……存放起來以備……;
?by and by 不久，很快：B～and～they all came on board.不久，他們都上船了。
?by the by(e) (or by the way)順便說一句，還有(一件事)：B～and ～， you may as well come too. 順便說一句，你也可以來呀。
?by and large 總的來說：We enjoy the work～and large.總的來說，我們喜歡這個(gè)工作。
?→′by-election n 補(bǔ)缺選舉;′bygone adj 過去(以往)的;′bylaw n 地方法律;俱樂部或公司的章程;′bypass n 旁道;v 修繞行路;繞行;′by-play n 穿插表演;′by-product n 副產(chǎn)品;副效應(yīng);′by-road， ′byway n 小路;′by-street n 小街;′bystander n 旁觀者;
?【用法】介詞by表示交通手段(見prep(10))時(shí)，是指一般手段，如：Let's go by car/bike. (咱們坐/騎車去吧。) 如若特指某一車輛時(shí)，要用in或on，如：Let's go in my car/on my motor bike. (坐我的汽車/摩托車去吧。) 若表示交通工具的名詞前有鐘點(diǎn)修飾時(shí)，by和on兩者皆可用，如：Let's go by (or on) the 8：00 train. (咱們乘8點(diǎn)的火車走吧。)
?【辨異】by與with和through都可指出行為的主體或手段。by通常表示被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的行為主體，如：The window was broken by a stone. (窗戶被一塊石頭打破了。) 或手段，如：send sth by airmail(航空郵寄);with 表示行為工具，如：The window was broken with a stone. (窗戶是用石頭打破的。) through特別指直接的媒介或助力，如：through outside aid(借助外力(援))， 或原因、動(dòng)機(jī)，如：wounded through carelessness (由于粗心大意而受傷)。