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v (1)1)磨(碾，嚼)碎(cause (sth) to break or be crushed into small pieces or powder)[T+n，T+n+prep (down/up)，T+n+prep(to/into)，T+n+adv (down/up) prep (to/into)，T+n+adv]：The animal～s the nut with/between its powerful molars.動(dòng)物用其有力的臼齒把堅(jiān)果嚼碎?！玱ne's cigarette in the ashtray/under one's foot把煙灰缸中的/腳下的香煙掐滅(踩滅);～wheat(down/up)into flour把小麥磨成粉;～eggshells to dust/pieces/a fine powder 把蛋殼磨成末/碾成細(xì)塊/磨成細(xì)粉末;freshly ground coffee/black pepper 剛磨好的咖啡/黑胡椒; 2)可被碾碎(磨成粉末)((of a material) to be able to be suitably crushed)[I，I+adv (down)，I+adv (to/into)，I+adv (down) prep (to/into)]：The beans～s easily/well. 這蠶豆很容易磨成粉/很好磨。Can the corn～down finer/down to a good white flour?這玉米還能磨得更細(xì)/磨成很好的白面粉嗎? 3)(將肉)絞碎(mince meat)[T+n](AmE)：ground meat 絞碎的肉;

(2)磨(碾)成(break or be crushed into small piece or powder)[T+n，T+n+prep(from)]：～flour from wheat 把小麥磨成粉;

(3)折磨，壓迫(hold down;oppress sb)[尤pass：T+n，T+n+prep (down)](fig)：The laborers were ground by their cruel overseers.勞工們受到他們監(jiān)工的殘酷壓榨。be ground (down) by poverty/taxation/tyranny/disease/hunger受貧窮/苛稅/暴政/疾病/饑餓的折磨;～down the poor 壓迫窮人;

(4)磨光(快)(polish or sharpen sth by rubbing it on a hard surface)[T+n，T+n+ prep (on/with)]：～a knife/an ax/a pair of scissors on a stone 在石頭上磨刀/斧子/剪刀;〖同〗sharpen;

(5)摩擦(cause sth to rub together，usu producing an unpleasant noise)[T+n，T+n+prep (in/into)，T+n+adv (together)]：～one's teeth in one's sleep 睡覺中咬牙;ship(lift)～on the rocks/in the shaft 船(電梯)擦著礁石/在電梯井中發(fā)出摩擦聲;(dirt) be deeply ground into the carpet/floor covering(灰塵)被深深地踩進(jìn)地毯里/地板下面;

(6)發(fā)出刺耳的聲音(make a sharp unpleasant noise by rubbing (things) together)[I，I+adv (away)]：The old machine ground. 這臺(tái)老機(jī)器發(fā)出刺耳的嘎嘎聲。

(7)轉(zhuǎn)(搖)動(dòng)(operate by turning a crank or handle)[T+n]：～a hand-mill/a coffee-mill/a barrel-organ 搖動(dòng)手磨/咖啡磨/管風(fēng)琴;

(8)苦讀(干)(continue to work very hard)[I，I+prep (at)，I+adv (away)，I+adv (away)prep (at)]：～away at one's studies/German用功讀書/苦讀德文;～away for an exam 用功準(zhǔn)備考試;

grind to a halt/standstill 1)(指車輛)嘎嘎地慢慢剎住;The traffic/old car ground to a halt.車輛/舊汽車嘎吱嘎吱響著慢慢停住了。2)(指過程)慢慢停止(fig)：The retreating columns/procession ground to a halt one after the other.撤退的縱隊(duì)/行進(jìn)的隊(duì)伍一個(gè)接一個(gè)地慢慢停了下來。

grind on(v adv)乏味地進(jìn)行(vi)：The speaker～s on.演講者空洞無味地講著。

grind out (v adv) 1)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)把手使產(chǎn)生(vt)：He～s out music from a street-organ.他手搖風(fēng)琴奏出音樂。2)沉悶而單調(diào)地演奏：The band ground out monotonous/old tunes.樂隊(duì)演奏出單調(diào)/老的曲調(diào)。3)擠牙膏似地寫出(derog)：～out some verses/one's weekly article for the paper絞盡腦汁為報(bào)紙寫出一些詩文/每周寫一篇文章;

→′grinding adj 發(fā)出刺耳聲;grinder n 研磨(機(jī))的人;

n(1)磨細(xì)的程度(size of ground particles as coffee，beans，etc)[U，a～]：a coarse～磨得很粗;

(2)苦差事;枯燥乏味的話(hard dull work，esp over a length of time)[U，a～]：Writing report every month is a real/bit of/terrible～. 每個(gè)月寫一份報(bào)告真是件苦差事/有一點(diǎn)乏味/是一件極端乏味的活兒。the tiresome～of preparing oneself for college entrance 準(zhǔn)備上大學(xué)這件令人疲憊不堪的苦差事;

(3)埋頭死讀書的人(excessively diligent student)[C](AmE)(derog)：He is a～. 他是個(gè)死用功的人。

→′grindstone n 磨石