adj (1)堅硬(固)的(firm;solid;not easy to break)：a～knot/stone 一個結(jié)實的結(jié)/一塊堅硬的石頭;～floor/hands/scales/chairs 堅硬的地板/結(jié)實的雙手/堅硬的鱗片/硬邦邦的椅子;(snow/ground) be frozen～(雪/地面)凍得堅硬;too～to dig 太堅硬了挖不動;〖反〗soft;
?(2)難以理解(回答，做)的，困難的(difficult to do，accomplish，understand，or answer)[A(for)，A+to-inf]：a～book/language/question/arithmetic assignment/task難懂的書/難懂的語言/難以回答的問題/難做的算術(shù)作業(yè)/困難的任務(wù);a～book to read/language to learn/question to answer 難讀的書/難學(xué)的語言/難回答的問題;a man～to please 難取悅的人;the～est job/course for sb 某人最難做的工作/難學(xué)的課程;It's～for sb to tell whether it is true or not/say which is better. 某人很難區(qū)分真假/說出哪個更好。
?(3) 1)辛苦的，費力(神)的(needing or using force of body or mind)：～work/labour/bargain/thinking辛苦的工作/繁重的勞動/費力的討價還價/冥思苦想;a～day/struggle艱苦的日子/斗爭;take a long～look at one's finances/profit factor仔細盤算自己的資金/利潤因素;take a long～look at the plan/situation 認真研究這項計劃/這種形勢;〖同〗labourious; 2)努(盡)力的(putting great effort into sth)[作attrib]：a～worker/fighter 努力工作的工人/頑強的斗士;〖同〗industrious，diligent;
?(4)強(猛，劇)烈的(forceful or violent)：a～rain/knock (blow/kick/push) 一場大雨/猛烈地敲(擊/踢/推);say some～words 說一些嚴厲的言詞;〖反〗light;
?(5)艱辛(難)的(having or causing suffering;difficult to endure)：have a～childhood/life/time度過艱辛的童年/過著艱苦的生活/經(jīng)受艱辛;give sb a～time 讓某人吃盡苦頭;in the～times 在那艱苦的歲月;the～discipline of army life軍隊生活中難以忍受的紀律;
?(6)(天氣)酷冷(惡劣)的((of weather)severe)：a～winter/frost 嚴冬/寒;〖同〗 harsh;〖反〗mild;
?(7) 冷酷(無情)的，嚴厲的(not feeling or showing pity，sympathy or kindness)：a～father 嚴厲的父親;a～woman/master/judge冷酷無情的女人/主人/法官;～feelings/eyes 冷酷無情/嚴厲的目光;have a～look on sb's face 表情冷漠;〖同〗stern，cruel;
?(8)(指聲音和顏色)刺耳(目)的((of sounds or colours) too harsh to be pleasant)：a～voice;刺耳的聲音;～light 刺眼的光;
?(9)(輔音)發(fā)硬音的((of consonant)pronounced sharp，not soft)： Is the “g” in the“get”～or soft?“g”在“get”中讀硬音還是軟音?
?(10)確實的，不容置疑的(indisputable;real;based on what is clearly true or can be proved)[作attrib]：have no～evidence 沒有確鑿的證據(jù);～science/facts 實實在在的科學(xué)/鐵一般的事實;
?(11)(酒)烈性的，酒精含量高的((of alcoholic drink) strongly alcoholic)：～liquor/stuff/drinks 烈酒;
?be hard on sb 1)對……很嚴厲(苛刻)：be～on the young man/new recruits 對這位年輕人/這些招募的新兵很嚴厲; 2)對……不公平：The restrictions are/seem a bit～on welfare applicants. 這些限制是/似乎對福利申請人有點兒不公平。3)磨損得厲害：(children/the rough roads) be～on one's shoes(孩子們/粗糙的路面)很容易磨破鞋子;
?hard and fast 不容變通的：～and fast regulation/categories/rules 嚴格的規(guī)定/分類/規(guī)則;(distinction) be～and fast(區(qū)別)是一成不變的;
?(as) hard as nails 冷酷無情，硬心腸：The boss is as～as nails. 老板鐵石心腸。
?(as) hard as stone 非常堅硬(牢固)：The ground is as～as stone. 地面十分堅硬。
?hard of hearing 聽力弱的，耳聾的：help the～of hearing to hear better 幫助耳背的人聽得清楚些;
?the hard way 比較艱難的方式：find out sth/win an election/grow up the～way 艱難地了解某事/贏得一場選舉/長大;
?hard feelings 惡感，對立情緒：There were still/no～feelings between them. 他們之間仍然有/沒有對立情緒。
?play hard to get 假裝無興趣以取得;以退為進(infml)：She refused to go to the cinema with him at first，but she was only playing～to get. 起初她拒絕跟他去看電影，她只是以退為進罷了。
?→′hardness n 堅硬;困難;辛苦;′hardback n 精裝書;′hardboard n 硬質(zhì)纖維板;?hard-′headed adj 精明而實際的;?hard-′hearted adj 硬心腸的;?hard-′line adj強硬的，不妥協(xié)的;?hard-′liner n 強硬路線派;?hard-′nosed adj 頑固的;′hard-top n 金屬頂蓋汽車;′hardware n 金屬(五金)器具;重型機械(武器);硬件;′hardwood n 硬質(zhì)木材;
?adv (1)努(費，盡)力地(with great energy，effort;with all one's force)：work/argue/think/pull～努力工作/極力爭辯/拼命思考/使勁拉;look～at sb/a picture使勁看著某人/一張圖畫;try～to do sth 竭力去做某事;hit a ball～使勁擊球;a～-fought election campaign 全力投入的競選運動;
?(2)艱難地(with a struggle;difficult)：The victory was～won. 勝利來之不易。 enjoy the～-earned rest/money 享受來之不易的休息/金錢;～-won rights 贏得來之不易的權(quán)利;a～-bitten colonel 頑強的上校;
?(3)劇(猛)烈地(with great force，heavily)：freeze/rain/snow/blow～嚴寒/暴雨/大雪/刮大風(fēng);hit sb～猛打某人;slam a door～猛地把門關(guān)上;come down on sb～對某人很厲害;〖同〗forcefully，powerfully，violently;〖反〗lightly;
?(4)充分地，完全地(to the full extent;completely)：The car turned～right. 汽車向右急轉(zhuǎn)彎。
?be hard put (to it) (to do sth)難以(做)：She was～put (to it) to explain what had happened/meet the deadline. 她很難解釋發(fā)生了什么事/按期完成。
?be hard up 缺錢：be very～up at the moment 眼下手頭很拮據(jù);
?be hard up for 缺少，需要：be～up for water/words to express one's feelings 缺水/缺乏表達自己心情的話語;
?hard done by 苛(虧)待：be/feel very～done by receiving less money than others 收到的錢比別人少，覺得受到虧待;
?hard on sb's heels 緊跟，追隨：He ran ahead，with two boys～on his heels. 他在前面跑，兩個男孩緊跟其后。
?take sth hard 難受，悲傷，耿耿于懷：take the news/one's father's death very～聽到這個消息/對父親的死非常悲痛;
?be hard hit (by)受到很大損失：The firm was～hit by the rising prices. 由于物價上漲公司蒙受了巨大損失。
?→?hard′bitten adj 頑強的，堅韌的;?hard-′boiled adj(指蛋類)煮老了的;(指人)無情的，不動感情的;?hard-′hitting adj 有力的，直截了當?shù)??hard-′pressed adj 被緊緊催逼的;忙碌的;?hard-′wearing adj 耐磨損(用)的;?hard-′working adj 勤勞(努力)的;
?【辨異】1)hard與difficult的區(qū)別見DIFFICULT。2)hard與 firm1、solid和stiff的區(qū)別見FIRM1 。