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v (1)抓(破，傷)，擦，劃(pull or push sth with a sharp point or rough surface across sth，so damaging or hurting it)[I，I+prep，T+n]：The cat～es (with its claws) at the door. 那只貓(用爪子)撓門。The car was only～ed in the accident. 在事故中汽車只蹭掉了一點(diǎn)漆皮?！玱ne's elbow with the thorns/on the old nail 用刺/舊釘子劃傷了肘部;fall and～one's knee/one's arm 摔倒磕破膝蓋/胳膊;The cat (brambles)～ed my hand/my legs. 那只貓抓(荊棘刺)傷了我的手/腿?！玹he chair with a toy car/a knife/shoes 用玩具汽車/刀子/鞋劃了椅子;～a match on the wall 在墻上劃火柴;～the paint away 把油漆刮掉;～plaster off the wall 把墻上的灰膏刮掉;～rust off the stove 把爐子上的銹刮掉;〖同〗scrape，strike，rub;

(2)抓(撓)癢(rub one's fingernails against one's skin)[I，T+n]：～with one's fingernails/a scratcher 用指甲抓癢/撓癢;～one's head/one's back 撓自己的頭皮/撓后背;Don't～a mosquito bite/the rash. 不要抓蚊蟲咬的地方/皮疹。You～my back and I'll～yours.(prov)你捧我，我也捧你。〖同〗scrape，rub;

(3)挖(出)，扒(出)，刨(use one's nail or claw to dig on the surface of sth to try to find or make sth)[T+n，T+n+prep，T+n+adv]：～a hole in the flower bed 在花壇上刨個(gè)坑;Hens～ed (about) for food on the ground/corn in the snow. 母雞在地上(四處)刨食/在雪地里(四處)刨谷物。The dog～ed up the hidden bag/some seeds/a bone. 狗刨出了隱藏的包/一些種子/一根骨頭。The witch threatened to～her eyes out. 那個(gè)老巫婆威脅說要挖出她的雙眼。

(4)刻(劃)出，亂涂亂畫(write (one or more letters);make (one or more marks) by scratch-ing)[T+n，T+n+prep]：～a map in the dirt with a stick 用小棍在泥土上勾畫出一幅地圖;～notes on a pad/“M.L.Loves P.N.” on the gate 在便箋上草草地記錄/在門上涂寫著“M.L.愛 P.N.”;～one's name on the rock/a tree with a sharp stone (a knife) 用銳利的石子(刀子)在巖石上/樹上刻下自己的名字;～a line on a surface 在面上劃出一道線;The scout～ed crosses in the barks of the trees. 偵察員在那些樹皮上刻下了一些十字?！纪絚ut，draw;

(5)因刮擦發(fā)出(聲音)(make a slight unpleasant noise;scrape)[I]：The pencil～ed on the paper. 鉛筆劃在紙上沙沙作響。Her fingernails～ed against the glass. 她的指甲劃過玻璃發(fā)出刺耳的聲音?！纪絪crape;

(6)退出(比賽)(withdraw from a game，competition，race，etc)[I，I+prep (from)，T+n，T+n+prep (from)]：He felt very ill and decided to～(from the marathon). 他覺得很難受，決定退出(馬拉松)比賽。We'll have to～her because of her illness. 因?yàn)樗×?，我們只好讓她退出比賽?！玜 horse/a runner from the final 讓一匹馬/一名運(yùn)動員退出決賽;〖同〗 withdraw，cancel，exclude;

scratch one's head 撓頭，傷腦筋：Her reply made me～my head. (I～ed my head about her reply.) 她的回答使我費(fèi)思量。

scratch out (v adv)把……劃掉(vt)：S～out the last sentence. 把最后一句劃掉。His name has been～ed out from the list. 他的名字已經(jīng)從名單上劃掉了。

scratch the surface (of sth)僅了解(講了)一點(diǎn)皮毛：When we made a trip to Tibet，we found we had only～ed the surface (of it).去了一趟西藏后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)以前對西藏的了解很膚淺。

n(1)抓(刮)痕，擦(小)傷(thin，shallow mark，injury，etc，made by scratching)[C]：a few bruises and～es on one's face 臉上幾處青腫和擦傷;get/receive a mere～on one's leg 腿上只受/受點(diǎn)小傷;The table/One of his hands was covered in (with)～es. 桌子上/他的一只手滿是刻痕/傷痕。The scout came back with/without a～. 偵察員帶著一處小傷/安然無恙地回來了。There're deep～es on the post. 柱子上有許多深深的刻痕?！纪絚ut;

(2)刺耳的抓(刮，擦)聲(scraping sound)[C]：the～of a pen鋼筆的沙沙聲;～es on the old tape 舊磁帶發(fā)出的沙沙聲;

(3)抓，搔(act of scratching)[U，a～]：enjoy having a～喜歡撓癢癢;give oneself a good～美美地抓癢癢;The cat is giving a～at the door because it wants to come in. 因?yàn)橄脒M(jìn)來，那只貓?jiān)趽祥T。

from scratch 從頭(開始)，白手(起家)：He started his business from～. 他是從零做起干成他的事業(yè)的。

up to scratch 合格，達(dá)到要求 (infml)：All the students are up to～for the examination. 所有的學(xué)生都考試合格了。The footballers are training for the match，but they're not up to～yet. 足球運(yùn)動員們在為比賽訓(xùn)練，但還沒有達(dá)到要求。

→′scratchy adj 使人發(fā)癢的;發(fā)出刮擦聲的;′scratchily adv 使人發(fā)癢地;發(fā)出刮聲地;′scratchiness n 使人發(fā)癢;發(fā)出刮擦聲;

adj 臨時(shí)組成的，湊合的(assemble hastily;rough)[作attrib]：a～football team 一支臨時(shí)現(xiàn)湊的足球隊(duì);a～dinner/meal 臨時(shí)湊合的飯/飯;a～paper/pad 打草稿用的紙/便箋