·天津開埠后的西方商船涌入

英、法聯(lián)軍攻占大沽口后，繼續(xù)進(jìn)犯，于咸豐十年七月八日 (1860年8月24日),攻到天津城外，正式宣布對(duì)天津的軍事占領(lǐng)。咸豐帝命大學(xué)士桂良、直隸總督恒福為欽差大臣，赴天津與英、法議和。七月十四日 (8月30日),桂良抵達(dá)楊村，接到英、法提出的條件： “前文內(nèi)列各款立允概準(zhǔn)，并津城海口亦當(dāng)即日開埠通商，方可照會(huì)各軍退駐大沽及山東登州等處，須俟賠償銀兩全數(shù)給清，始令退出境界?！毕特S帝對(duì)此表示實(shí)難全部接受。
七月二十三日，清廷改派怡親王載垣、兵部尚書穆蔭為欽差大臣，由通州赴津，與英、法議和。后因英、法聯(lián)軍北犯，便由馬頭鎮(zhèn)折回通州。七月二十六日，英、法聯(lián)軍約4000余人，自天津北犯，因恐怕有埋伏，每日進(jìn)犯不過二三十里。七月二十九日，英、法專使派巴夏禮、威妥馬等為代表到達(dá)通州，與清廷代表載垣等談判。英、法聯(lián)軍駐占天津河西務(wù)。八月三日，英、法提出各國公使到京，要咸豐皇帝接見，并要清廷撤除北京四周防務(wù)。清廷沒有接受，談判決裂。八月四日，英、法聯(lián)軍侵占通州，僧格林沁部全軍潰散。八月八日，咸豐帝從圓明園逃往承德行宮。八月二十二日，英、法聯(lián)軍侵入圓明園，大肆搶掠。九月五日，英使額爾金令聯(lián)軍焚燒圓明園，大火燃燒三日不息。侵略者還大肆搶掠，有些珍貴書畫甚至被當(dāng)作引火的東西燒掉。侵略者并將搶掠的部分珍品，在京、津出售。
清咸豐十年九月十一日 (1860年10月24日),《中英續(xù)增條約》 (即《中英北京條約》 )在北京簽訂。所謂《續(xù)增條約》,就是《天津條約》的接續(xù)和增補(bǔ)，《條約》第三款規(guī)定賠銀800萬兩，十月十九日前，在天津先交50萬兩； 第四款規(guī)定，自 《條約》簽訂之日起，“天津郡城?？谧鳛橥ㄉ讨骸?,準(zhǔn)英人 “至此居住貿(mào)易” 。清政府被迫接受。十二月十日，清政府批準(zhǔn)在天津設(shè)立三口通商衙門，命崇厚為三口通商大臣，天津正式開埠。
對(duì)此，清同治年編纂的《續(xù)天津縣志》有記載： “侍郎銜候補(bǔ)京堂崇厚，著作為辦理三口通商大臣，駐扎天津，管理牛莊、天津(還有登州)各口岸通商事務(wù)，會(huì)同各該將軍、督撫、府尹辦理，并頒給辦理三口通商大臣關(guān)防，毋庸加欽差字樣?！辈⒃诤罴液笤}政使署(即今紅橋區(qū)大胡同小商品市場(chǎng)附近),設(shè)立三口通商衙門，負(fù)責(zé)辦理三口通商、外交事宜。
After the fall of the Dagu Emplacement,the Britishand French allied forces continued their invasion andannounced the military occupation of Tianjin on August24,1860 (July 8 of the 10th year of Emperor Xianfeng).Xianfeng appointed Gui Liang (Prime Minister of Qing)and Heng Fu (Governor-General of Zhili) as imperialenvoys to negotiate with the invaders in Tianjin. OnAugust 30,Gui Liang arrived at Yangcun Villageand received the terms proposed by UK and France,demanding: Ⅰ. The allied forces will not retreat fromDagu and Dengzhou in Shangdong Province until theQing Dynasty agrees all the terms and opens Tianjinfor business; Ⅱ. The troops will not withdraw from theChinese territory until all the compensation taels havebeen paid. Emperor Xianfeng refused to accept all theserequirements.
On September 8,Qing Dynasty assigned Yi PrinceZai Yuan and Defense Minister Mu Yin as imperialenvoys to go to Tianjin. On their way to Tianjin,theyhad to return to Tongzhou because the allied forcescontinued the invasion onto north. For fear of ambush,4,000 or so enemy soldiers advanced only 20-30 mileseveryday. On August 14,British and French sentrepresentatives to negotiate with Zai Yuan in Tongzhou.The enemies claimed occupation of Hexiwu,Tianjin. OnAugust 18,the UK and France sides proposed EmperorXianfeng to receive ambassadors of all countries inBeijing and rid the defense around the capital. QingDynasty refused again and the negotiation stalled.On August 19,the allied forces invaded Tongzhouand Sengge Renchin`s army ran away. On August 23,Emperor Xianfeng escaped from the Winter Palace to histemporary dwellings in Chengde. On September 9,theallied forces intruded into and robbed the Winter Palace.On September 22,the British Ambassador issued anorder to set fire to the Winter Palace. The fire was ablazefor three days. The invaders even burnt some preciouspaintings and calligraphies. Later some of the robbedcuriosities were sold in Beijing and Tianjin.
On October 24,1860 (the 10th year of EmperorXianfeng),the Extended Sino-UK Treaty (Sino-UKBeijing Treaty) was signed in Beijing. Term Three ofthe treaty stipulated that Qing Dynasty must compensateeight million taels of silver,of which a half million taelsmust be paid before October 19 in Tianjin. Term Fourprescribed that,since the signature of the treaty,Tianjinmust be opened as a trading port and permit Britishpeople to live and to do business. Qing Dynasty wasforced to accept all the terms. On December 10,QingDynasty approved to set up the Three-Seaport BusinessYamen with Minister Chong Hou in charge.
The Sequel of Tianjin County Annals compiledduring the reign of Emperor Tong Zhi noted that "TheAssistant Minister Chong Hou was stationed in Tianjinand in charge of the three seaports (Niuzhuang,Tianjinand Dengzhou). He administrated with the generals,directors and perceptual magistrates. He was entitled toissue business permissions without reporting to imperialenvoy. "The Three-Seaport Business Yamen,in chargeof business and diplomatic affairs,was located at theformer Salt Affairs Administration Bureau (now near theflea market of Dahutong in Hongqiao District).