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adj (1) 向后的(aimed or directed towards the back， the beginning or the past)[無comp][作attrib]： a～look/glance/somersault 向后看/回眸/倒翻的筋斗;take a～jump 往后一跳;a～tumble 向后跌倒;a～jerk of one's head 向后猛揚(yáng)頭;〖反〗forward;

(2) 倒行的 (returning; moving towards the starting point) [無comp] [作attrib]：a～journey/flow of the tide 返程/潮水的回涌;〖同〗reverse;〖反〗forward;

(3) 落后的，進(jìn)步慢的 (having made or making less than normal progress)：～countries/nations 落后國家;the～parts (areas/regions) of the country/the world/Africa 這個(gè)國家/世界上/非洲的落后地區(qū);the～peoples of the world 世界上的落后民族;be～in one's study 學(xué)習(xí)上進(jìn)步慢;be～for one's age 發(fā)育得落后于年齡; a～child 發(fā)育遲緩的小孩子; be～as a child 小時(shí)長得慢;～learners 落后的學(xué)習(xí)者;Is the boy～or lazy? 這孩子是遲鈍還是懶?〖同〗undeveloped，slow;〖反〗advanced，quick;

(4) 靦腆的，猶疑的;沒有自信的 (shy; reluctant; hesitant; unsure of oneself) [A(in)][作pred]：be～in expressing one's ideas猶疑不敢表達(dá)思想;Why do you act so～with strangers? 你為什么在生人面前這么靦腆? 〖同〗shy，hesitant;〖反〗bold;

→′backwardly adv 向后;落后地; ′backwardness n 落后;遲鈍;

adv (BrE～s) (1) 向后 (away from one's front; towards the back or what is behind one)：look/glance/somersault～向后看/看一眼/翻筋斗;take a step～后退一步;〖同〗rearward;〖反〗forward，frontward;

(2) 背朝前地，倒著 (with one's back facing the direction one is going in)：It's not easy to walk/to run/to crawl/to jump～. 倒退著走/跑/爬/跳是不容易的。dig its way～into the ground with the hind legs 用后腿刨土倒退著進(jìn)到地里;〖反〗forward;

(3) 倒，逆，反方向 (in the wrong way round)：put on one's hat/one's shirt～把帽子戴倒了/襯衣前后穿反了;count～from 10 to 1 倒著從10數(shù)到1;

(4) 退步 (from a better toward a worse or an earlier state)：Instead of progressing， my work is/we are actually going～. 我的工作/我們沒有進(jìn)步， 實(shí)際上反而是在退步。take a journey～through time 回顧以往;The country is drifting steadily～. 這個(gè)國家一直在倒退。

backward(s) and forward(s) 來回(往返)地：go/walk/pace/stroll/travel～s and forward(s) 往返地走/走/踱步/溜達(dá)/旅行;

bend/lean over backward(s) 竭盡全力：They would bend over～to get him a ticket in any possible way. 他們會(huì)竭盡全力給他弄一張票的。

know sth backward(s) 徹底了解：You've been there so many times you must know it～by now. 你去過那兒這么多次了，現(xiàn)在對那地方一定是了如指掌。know a city/the history～對一個(gè)城市/歷史了如指掌;

【說明】后綴-ward和-wards都表示“方向”，前者可構(gòu)成形容詞，也可構(gòu)成副詞(AmE或fml BrE中)，如：forward，backward，downward，upward，outward，inward，eastward，westward，homeward等;后者只能構(gòu)成副詞(BrE中)，如：forwards等等。試對比：He travelled westward/westwards. He travelled in a westward direction.