·2002年修復(fù)的梁啟超飲冰室及故居(河北區(qū)民族路)

梁啟超(1873～1929),字卓如，廣東新會人，是戊戌變法的中堅(jiān)人物，與康有為并稱“康梁” 。變法失敗后，流亡日本。在橫濱創(chuàng)辦《清議報(bào)》 ,開辟了 “飲冰室·自由談” 專欄。此后，他以 “飲冰子” 為筆名，發(fā)表文章； 他所出版的文集，也用 “飲冰室” 為書名； 自號“飲冰室主人” 。“飲冰” 一詞，出自 《莊子·人世間》: “今吾朝受命而夕飲冰，我其內(nèi)熱與?！庇纱丝芍?，“飲冰室”是先有其名，后有其房。
1912年10月8日，梁啟超出國15年后，由日本回到天津； 晚上，民主黨直隸支部籌備所在利順德飯店，舉行歡迎梁啟超的宴會。孫洪伊、梁啟超、楊度相繼在宴會上致辭。梁啟超寓居日租界榮街(今新華北路)本宅。
1914年，梁啟超在意租界西馬路(今河北區(qū)民族路),購地建設(shè)寓所。為意式2層樓房，前后兩幢； 共有房屋45間； 建筑面積1100多平方米；磚木結(jié)構(gòu)，規(guī)整簡樸，氣勢恢弘。1915年，全家遷此定居。
1915年8月，為了反對袁世凱稱帝，蔡鍔將軍以治病就醫(yī)名義來津，到此寓所與梁啟超會晤，共商武裝起事大計(jì)； 10月，蔡、梁、戴(戡)再次在梁啟超寓所會晤，擬訂云貴獨(dú)立事宜。梁啟超寓所成了爆發(fā)于云南、波及全國的討袁護(hù)國運(yùn)動的策源地。
當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生了一件趣聞： 有一個(gè)叫胡善新的人，以前在寧波四明報(bào)館服役，雖然是工友職業(yè)，但是雅好文學(xué)。報(bào)館有文人往來，常常執(zhí)卷請問。這樣年頭一長，讀書頗多。平生尤其欽慕梁啟超的文章，渴望一見而沒有緣分。1912年12月，胡善新由其親戚介紹，來到天津法租界李同益呢絨店當(dāng)伙計(jì)。他探知梁啟超住在英租界( 《益世報(bào)》原載如此),于1917年1月22日早晨，徑直前往拜謁。此時(shí)梁啟超在北京沒有回來，胡善新誤認(rèn)為看門人不肯引入，因此再三懇求。姓黃的看門人見其衣服襤褸，恐怕不是好人，怒而將其送到英租界巡捕房，知道其住法租界后，又轉(zhuǎn)其到法捕房； 法捕房懷疑其是刺客，即押到李同益呢絨店，進(jìn)行搜查無有所獲。因?yàn)樯婕爸袊?，又將其移送到中國警察廳。李同益店主，奔走救援，幸遇曾在梁公館做工的成衣匠，求他到梁公館訴說。這時(shí)適逢梁啟超之女和公子在家，聽說此事，即叫黃門房拿著梁啟超的名片，速到警察廳將胡善新保釋。
1920年，梁啟超從歐洲漫游歸國后，3月15日下午，由上海抵津寓所； 16日，是其52歲壽誕，開宴觴賓，一時(shí)祝賀者，車水馬龍。此后，他告別了官場，在清華大學(xué)和南開大學(xué)講學(xué)，并從事學(xué)術(shù)研究和著述。
1924年，梁啟超請意大利建筑師白羅尼歐，又在其寓所西側(cè)設(shè)計(jì)建成了“飲冰室” 書齋。今民族路44號，現(xiàn)在重修后與寓所同處一院。建筑面積950平方米，共有房屋53間，磚木結(jié)構(gòu)，建筑外觀典雅秀麗，頂端拱形，鑲嵌五彩玻璃，洋式“藻井” ,為意式兩層淺灰色樓房。梁啟超在這里接待至朋密友，舉辦假期講學(xué)班，有許多清華、南開的學(xué)生來此尋求知識。
梁啟超晚年的許多學(xué)術(shù)名著，都是在此寓所和“飲冰室” 完成的。如《歐洲心影錄》、《清代學(xué)術(shù)概論》、《中國歷史研究法》、《中國歷史研究法補(bǔ)編》 、《墨子校釋》 、《墨子學(xué)案》、《先秦政治思想史》、《中國近三百年學(xué)術(shù)史》等等。從1920年到1929年梁啟超逝世前的十幾年間，他大部分時(shí)間都是在這兩幢小樓里度過的。后人將他一生留下的上千萬字著述編為《飲冰室合集》,是一份寶貴的文化遺產(chǎn)。
解放前，梁夫人將其房賣掉。1958年梁啟超寓所和 “飲冰室” ,由政府接收，已為公產(chǎn)。至20世紀(jì)90年代，這里共有91戶居民，一家福利工廠。2001年市政府投資1000多萬元，搬遷了住戶和工廠，修復(fù)了梁啟超故居和“飲冰室” ,并對外開放?，F(xiàn)為市級文化保護(hù)單位。

·飲冰室中策劃護(hù)國戰(zhàn)爭(油畫 作者 王書朋)

Liang Qichao (1873-1929),styled Zhuoru,was born inXinhui of Guangdong Province. He was one of the elitein the Reform Movement of 1898. He enjoyed the samefame with Kang Youwei and was often called togetherwith Kang as "Kang Liang". After the reform failed,heexiled himself to Japan. He founded Qingyi Newspaperin Yokohama and presided a column called"YinbingRoom-Free Talk" (Yinbing in Chinese means to drinkicy water). After that,he published his articles usingYinbingzi as his pen name and books using YinbingRoom as the title. He also called himself "Host ofYinbing Room". The two characters,"yin" and "bing",was taken from the book,Zhuangzi-In the World,wherethere was a sentence that says "I received appointmentin the morning and drank icy water in the evening.How anxious I am in the heart." Therefore,the name ofYinbing Room first came into being to Liang Qichao andthen the room itself.
In October 8,1912,Liang Qichao returned to Tianjinafter staying in Japan for 15 years. In the evening,Zhili Branch of the Democratic Party held a welcomeceremony for Liang Qichao in Astor Hotel. Sun Hongyi,Liang Qichao and Yang Du respectively delivered aspeech in the party. Liang then stayed in his house inRong Street (now North Xinhua Road) in Japaneseconcession.
In 1914,Liang Qichao bought a piece of land besideWest Road in Italy concession (now No. 44 in MinzuRoad in Hebei District) to build his houses. His houseshad two buildings of Italian style,each with two floors.There were totally 45 rooms. The two buildings covereda construction area of 1100 square meters. They were ofbrick-timber construction,simple while magnificent. In1915 the family of Liang moved to the new buildings.In August 1915,to oppose Yuan Shikai being theemperor,the general Cai E came to Tianjin in the nameof curing his illness and met Liang in his home to discussforced army uprising. In October,Cai,Liang,Dai (Kan)met again in Liang`s home to plan for the independencyof Yunnan. Liang`s house became the origin of Crusadeagainst Yuan and Protect the Nation Movement thatbroke out in Yunnan and spread over the nation.

·梁啟超創(chuàng)辦的《庸言》雜志

An interesting thing happened during this period.A worker in Siming Newspaper Office called HuShanxin was interested in literature. Since he workedin the newspaper office,he often got opportunity to askadvice from those literary men that came to the office.Therefore,he became also talented in literature. Heespecially admired articles by Liang Qichao,but hadnever had an opportunity to meet him. In December1912,via the introduction of his relatives,Hu came toTianjin and became a worker in Litongyi Woolen ClothShop in French concession. When he knew that Lianglived in British concession,he directly went to Liang`shome and asked for a visit in the morning of January22,1917. Liang Qichao was in Beijing then,thereforecould not meet him. However,Hu mistook that theguard man did not allow him in,therefore,he pleadedagain and again. Seeing that Hu was dressed in rags,theguard man suspected that he was a thief and sent himto the police office in British concession. Knowing thathe lived in French concession,the police transferred Huto the police office in French concession. SuspectingHu was an assassinator,the police office of Frenchconcession arrested him and went to Liyitong WoolenCloth Shop to search for evidence. However,they foundnothing related to possible assassination. Because thismatter involved Chinese celebrities,the police officeof French concession transferred Hu to Tianjin PoliceOffice. The owner of Liyitong Woolen Cloth Shop triedevery means to help Hu. He then met a tailor of Liang`shouse and pleaded the tailor to seek for help from Liang.The daughter and the son of Liang were then at homeand immediately bailed Hu out from the police office.
In 1920,after traveling in Europe,Liang Qichaoreturned to China. He arrived at Tianjin via Shanghaiin the afternoon of March 15. The next day,is March16,was his 52nd birthday. People from all walks of lifecame to congratulate him. After that,he left the politicallife and devoted himself in research and writing. Hegave lectures in Tsinghua and Nankai Universities.
To the west of his houses stands a two-story,grayish foreign-style architecture with many flowers andgrasses,"Yinbing Room" used for study. Constructed in1924,it was designed by an Italian architect,Bailuoniao.This building covers a construction area of 950 squaremeters and has 53 rooms altogether. It was of brick-timber construction. Elegant and beautiful,it had avaulted top decorated with colored glasses. In the room,Liang received his friends and held holiday lectures.Many students of Tsinghua and Nankai came here toseek for knowledge.
In Liang`s later years,he wrote many academicwork in this house and Yinbing Room,including Recordof Europe,Overview of Academic Research in QingDynasty,Research Methodology of Chinese History,Amendment to Research Methodology of ChineseHistory,Note to Mozi,Political and Ideological Historyof Previous Qin,and Academic Research History of300 Years in China etc. In almost ten years from 1920to 1929 before his death,Liang spent most of his timein the two buildings. His works of several dozens ofmillions words were compiled into Yinbing RoomCollections which was a great culture legacy to China.
Before the liberation,the wife of Liang sold the twobuildings. In 1958 the government took over the twobuildings as public asset. Until 1990s there had been 91families and a welfare factory residing here. In 2002,themetropolitan government invested more than ten millionYuan to repair and renovate them and then opened themto the public. Now they are culture protection units ofTianjin.