·望海樓教堂

天津教案，就是人們通常說的 “火燒望海樓” ?；馃乃^望海樓，其實(shí)是指望海樓教堂，而非原來的望海樓。望海樓是天津古代著名建筑，又名海河樓。
海河樓位于老三岔河口以北，香林苑以東?？滴醭跄辏商旌髮m道士李怡神及弟子王聰修建。乾隆元年在香林苑以西，又重修了望海寺； 乾隆五十三年將香林苑賜名崇禧觀。這樣，在老三岔河口以北的丁字交匯處，由東北至西南，依次建有望海樓、崇禧觀、望海寺。望海樓為皇家園林，清皇帝巡視天津時(shí)，在望海寺、崇禧觀行香后，到望海樓進(jìn)茶膳、觀河景。
第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后，法國依恃不平等條約，強(qiáng)占了三岔河口北岸的原清行宮故址望海樓和崇禧觀，欲建為領(lǐng)事署。法國天主教認(rèn)為，這里是最理想的傳教地點(diǎn)。清咸豐十一年(1861)八月，傳教士衛(wèi)儒梅 (M.Talmier)來天津，與法領(lǐng)事德來沃向三口通商大臣崇厚交涉占用望海樓之事。同治元年(1862)正月初三，崇厚發(fā)給法國永租執(zhí)照，準(zhǔn)許租用三岔河口望海樓和崇禧觀15畝地建蓋天主教堂。同治五年(1866),傳教士謝福音(C.Chevrrier)來津，主持拆除望海樓，修建教堂。同治八年(1869)四月五日，天主教堂破土動(dòng)工，舉行奠基典禮。北京教區(qū)法籍主教蘇鳳文(Guierry)專程來津，駐津各國領(lǐng)事、文武官員及天津地方要員應(yīng)邀參加。十一月六日，教堂建成。高10米、寬10米、長30米，正面鑲大理石匾，上刻法文金字“圣母得勝堂” ,俗稱望海樓教堂。
清同治九年(1870),津城屢有丟失幼兒事件。五月六日，三岔河口河?xùn)|瑩地，發(fā)現(xiàn)死兒尸體外露，有二三尸體共一棺者。群眾紛傳系法國仁慈堂虐待兒童致死，并向官府控告。五月八日，群眾抓獲拐賣兒童案犯張栓、郭拐二人，向天津縣衙告發(fā)。五月十二日，天津知府張光藻和知縣劉杰將張栓、郭拐正法。津民向張光藻獻(xiàn)“萬民傘”頌其功德。同日，天津北郊桃花口村群眾，抓獲拐犯武蘭珍送縣衙懲辦。武蘭珍招供，所拐幼兒是受天主教堂王三用洋元收賣唆使。
五月二十三日上午11時(shí)，天津道周家勛和張光藻、劉杰，押武蘭珍到望海樓教堂指證，未果押回。劉杰令教堂前群眾各自散去。崇厚在通商衙門召見謝福音，言明今后仁慈堂教養(yǎng)兒童的人數(shù)應(yīng)報(bào)告官府，病死兒童應(yīng)報(bào)官親驗(yàn)，并親同掩埋。下午2時(shí)，群眾與教士發(fā)生口角，拋擲磚石毆打。崇厚令劉杰派兵鎮(zhèn)壓。法國領(lǐng)事豐大業(yè)(H.V.Fontanier)帶領(lǐng)隨從到通商衙門見崇厚，并開槍威嚇，砸毀器物。在返回教堂的路上，又向劉杰開槍，打傷其家人高升。在場群眾怒不可遏，將豐大業(yè)及其隨從毆斃。后鳴鑼集聚數(shù)千人，憤怒的群眾沖入教堂毆打謝福音，并一舉將望海樓教堂、仁慈堂及東門外洋行1處，英、美講書堂6處，全行燒毀，打死傳教士及洋人20人。這就是震驚中外的“天津教案” 。
教案發(fā)生后，外國侵略者極為驚恐，他們組織僑民武裝，法國等國駐京公使，向清政府照會(huì)“抗議” ,要求嚴(yán)辦。清廷將崇厚、周家勛、張光藻、劉杰4人，交刑部議處。接著，由直隸總督曾國藩到天津查辦，濫捕80余名無辜群眾；釋放武蘭珍等拐騙犯，修復(fù)被焚毀的建筑物。即使屈膝投降，侵略者仍然不滿。清政府只得又命李鴻章為直隸總督，到天津接辦此案，李鴻章將馮瘸子等16人斬首，4人緩刑； 知府張光藻、知縣劉杰，被發(fā)配黑龍江； 判處25人流放和徒刑； 并賠償法國白銀46萬兩，俄、英、美各數(shù)萬兩。
為了紀(jì)念這場斗爭，人民創(chuàng)作了火燒望海樓的戲劇、電影、電視，還用詩歌、泥塑、木刻、版畫、繪畫、快板書等形式，褒揚(yáng)天津人民的反帝愛國精神。
After the Second Opium War,France occupiedWanghailou and built it into a consulate. The FrenchCatholic Church believed that Wanghailou was idealfor missionizing. In August 1861 (11th year of EmperorXianfeng),the preacher Talmier came to Tianjin. He andthe consulate-general negotiated with Chonghou aboutbuilding a church at Wanghailou. In 1862,Chonghouissued a permanent renting license which permittedFrance to rent 15 mu of Wanghailou and Chengxiguan tobuild a Catholic church. In 1866,Preacher Chevier tookcharge of the dismantling of Wanghailou for building thechurch in Tianjin. On May 5. 1869. the Catholic churchbroke earth after a ceremony. Guierry,the French bishopof Beijing parish,took a special trip to Tianjin. The otherattendees were consulate-generals and Qing officialsin Tianjin. On November 6,the church was finished. Itwas 10-metre high,10-metre wide,and 30-metre long. Amarble plaque was set in the front,which was engravedin French "Goddess Winning Church" or WanghailouChurch.
In 1870,several infants were reported missing inTianjin. On May 6,residents in Tianjin found severalbodies of dead infants,even 2-3 bodies buried in thesame coffin at Sanchakou. It was said that the FrenchBeneficiary Hall maltreated children to death. On May 8,child abductors Zhang Shuan and Guo Guai were caughtand brought to Yamen of Tianjin County. On May 12,the district magistrate Zhang Guangzao and countymagistrate sentenced the two criminals to death. Tianjinpeople presented "People`s Umbrella" to the localofficials to express their appreciation. On the same day,villagers in Taohuakou Village caught another abductorWu Lanzhen and sent him to the county`s Yamen. Wuadmitted that he was abetted to abduct children byaccepting Wang San`s money from the Catholic church.
At 11 am May 23,1870,officials including Zhou Jiaxun,Zhang Guanzao and Liu Jie took Wu Lanzhento the Wanghailou Church for indictment. ObeyingLiu Jie`s order,people surrounding the church weredismissed. Chong hou received Chevier at his Yamenand required him to report the number of childrenbred by the church,especially those dead,which mustbe examined by Qing officials. At 14:00 pm,Tianjinpeople quarreled with the preachers and attacked themby stones. Chonghou ordered Liu Jie to lead soldiers tosquash the turbulence. French Consulate Fontanier andhis followers rushed into Chonghou`s Yamen,fired formenace and smashed wares. On his way to the church,he fired at Liu Jie and wounded Gao Sheng,Liu`sservant. Tianjin people were so angry that they hit Fontanier and his followers to death. Later the masses of people burned Wanghailou Church,BeneficiaryHall and a foreign bank at Dongmenwai,six Britishor American preaching halls,and killed 20 preachersor foreigners. This is the famous "Tianjin ChurchIncident".
The foreign invaders were startled by theincident. They organized overseas citizens and theFrench and other ambassador in Beijing to protesttowards the Qing Government. They also demanded topunish officials,such as Chonghou,Zhou Jiaxun,ZhangGuangzao and Liu Jie. After that,Governor-General ofZhili Zeng Guofan was dispatched to Tianjin to kill morethan 80 innocent local people. All the abductors werereleased and the destroyed constructions were renovated.The invaders were still not satisfied with the measuresadopted by the Qing Government. The royal court had tonominate Li Hongzhang as Governor-General of Zhili.Li executed 16 people and punished 25 others. He alsocompensated 460,000 taels to French Government anddozens of thousands taels to Russia,Britain and theUnited States respectively.
To commemorate the event,Tianjin peoplecreated dramas,movies,and TV series on theburning of Wanghailou Church. Some other works,such as poems,mud and wood sculptures as wellas drawings were also made to praise the antiimperialism among the Tianjin people.

·望海樓教堂