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adj (1)不易磨損的，堅(jiān)韌的(difficult to cut，break or wear out;strong)：～glass/plastic/rubber不易碎的玻璃/堅(jiān)韌的塑料/堅(jiān)韌的橡膠;～material/shoes 耐磨材料/耐穿的鞋;〖同〗 strong，durable，hardy，firm，solid;〖反〗weak，delicate，fragile，tender;

(2)耐勞的，堅(jiān)(頑)強(qiáng)的(able to bear hardship，illness，etc;strong)：a～old lady/football player/soldier/fight 吃苦耐勞的老婦人/頑強(qiáng)的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員/堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的士兵/頑強(qiáng)的戰(zhàn)斗;～troops/breeds of sheep 頑強(qiáng)的軍隊(duì)/強(qiáng)壯的羊種;Only the～est soldiers were chosen for the mission into enemy territory. 只有最吃苦耐勞的士兵才被選去執(zhí)行深入敵區(qū)的戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù)。〖同〗strong，resistant，hardy;

(3)(指肉)咬不動(dòng)的，堅(jiān)韌的((of meat) difficult to cut or chew)(derog)：～steaks/meat/beef 老得咬不動(dòng)的牛排/肉/牛肉;as～as old boots(尤指肉)堅(jiān)韌的，咀嚼不動(dòng)的;〖同〗hardy，solid，strong;〖反〗soft，delicate，tender;

(4)蠻橫的，兇惡的(violent;badly behaved)(尤AmE)：a～criminal/gang of children 兇惡的罪犯/一群蠻橫不講理的孩子;a～neighborhood/area/talk 不文明的街區(qū)/環(huán)境險(xiǎn)惡的地區(qū)/粗魯?shù)难哉?〖同〗rough，cruel，brutal，hard;〖反〗sweet，kind，gentle，mild;

(5)強(qiáng)硬的，嚴(yán)厲的(stubborn;harsh;severe)：take～measures 采取嚴(yán)厲的措施;adopt a～policy 施行強(qiáng)硬政策;a～manager/teacher 嚴(yán)厲的經(jīng)理/老師;The company decided to get～with the striking workers. 公司決定對罷工工人們采取嚴(yán)厲措施。a～winter 嚴(yán)寒;～as nails 硬如鐵釘;〖同〗hard，stern，firm，strict，inflexible，stubborn;〖反〗easy，permissive，flexible;

(6)棘手的，艱苦的，困難的(difficult to deal with or overcome)：a～struggle/life/job/game/journey/problem/assignment/competition 艱苦的斗爭/困難的生活/難做的事/激烈的比賽/艱辛的旅程/棘手的問題/困難的任務(wù)/激烈的競爭;〖同〗difficult，trying，complicated，complex;〖反〗soft，easy，simple，slight;

(7)不幸的(unfortunate;hard to bear or endure)[A (on)]：T～luck! 倒霉!It's～on his falling ill just before the exam. 他真不幸，剛好在考試前病倒了?！纪絬nfortunate;〖反〗fortunate;

→′toughly adv 堅(jiān)韌地，頑強(qiáng)地;′toughness n 堅(jiān)韌，堅(jiān)固;強(qiáng)壯;強(qiáng)硬;′toughen v 使某物(人)(更)堅(jiān)韌(強(qiáng));

n 粗暴(兇惡)的人(violent person)[C]：a gang/crowd of young～s 一幫/群年輕的亡命徒;

v

tough out (v adv)決心忍受(vt)：We've no choice but to～it out. 我們別無選擇，只有下決心忍受。